The Qualified Business Income (QBI) deduction under Section 199A allows owners of pass-through businesses — sole proprietorships, S-Corps, LLCs, and partnerships — to deduct up to 23% of their qualified business income starting in 2026, permanently extended and enhanced under the OBBBA. The full deduction is available if taxable income is below approximately $197,300 (single) or $394,600 (married filing jointly).

Yes. S-Corp owners can claim the QBI deduction on their share of the S-Corp's qualified business income. However, W-2 wages paid to yourself as an S-Corp employee are not included in QBI — only the pass-through profit qualifies.

It depends on income. Consultants are classified as a "specified service trade or business" (SSTB), which means the QBI deduction phases out above approximately $197,300 (single) or $394,600 (married) in 2026. Below those thresholds, consultants get the full 23% deduction.

Yes — the OBBBA permanently extended and enhanced the QBI deduction, increasing it from 20% to 23% starting in 2026. It no longer faces a sunset date. This is one of the most significant permanent tax changes for self-employed individuals and pass-through business owners.

The basic calculation is 23% of your qualified business income, limited to the lesser of 23% of QBI or 50% of W-2 wages paid by the business (or 25% of W-2 wages plus 2.5% of qualified property). For most small business owners below the income thresholds, the calculation is simply 23% of net business income.

When you hire your child who is under the age of 18 in your sole proprietorship or a partnership where both partners are parents of the child, their wages are generally exempt from Social Security and Medicare (FICA) taxes. This significant tax deduction is outlined in IRS Publication 15, Circular E, Employer's Tax Guide. This exemption applies as long as the business is not a corporation or a partnership with non-parent partners. This can lead to substantial FICA tax savings for both the employer and the employee, allowing more of the child's earnings to be retained.

Yes, wages paid to your child for services performed in your trade or business are deductible as a business expense, provided the compensation is reasonable for the services rendered, regardless of their age. For federal unemployment tax (FUTA) purposes, wages paid to a child under the age of 21 by their parent are exempt. This FUTA exemption is detailed in IRS Publication 15, Circular E, Employer's Tax Guide. This means you do not owe FUTA tax on their earnings, further reducing your overall tax burden while still benefiting from the wage deduction.

Yes, if you operate as a sole proprietorship, partnership, or S-corporation and pay health insurance premiums for a family member employee, these premiums can be deductible as a business expense. For a sole proprietorship, if the family member is a bona fide employee and the plan covers them, you may be able to deduct the premiums. Additionally, if the family member is your spouse and you offer a health plan to all employees, the premiums for your spouse can be deducted. This is consistent with IRS guidance on deductible business expenses under IRC Section 162.

The 'kiddie tax' generally applies to unearned income of a child, such as investment income, above a certain threshold (e.g., $2,500 for 2026, adjusted for inflation). However, wages earned by a child from employment in a family business are considered earned income and are not subject to the kiddie tax rules. This is crucial because it means the child's earned income will be taxed at their own, typically lower, individual tax rates, rather than their parents' higher marginal tax rates. This distinction is outlined in IRS Publication 929, Tax Rules for Children and Dependents.

When you hire a family member in an S-corporation or C-corporation, their wages are generally subject to the same federal payroll taxes (Social Security, Medicare, and FUTA) as any other employee. Unlike sole proprietorships or partnerships with only parent partners, the FICA and FUTA exemptions for children under 18 or 21 do not apply in corporate structures. This is because the corporation is considered a separate legal entity from the family. Therefore, you must withhold and pay these taxes according to standard payroll procedures, as detailed in IRS Publication 15, Circular E.

Self-employed individuals can choose from a SEP-IRA (up to 25% of net self-employment income, max $72,000 in 2026), a Solo 401(k) (up to ~$70,000 plus $7,500 catch-up if over 50), a SIMPLE IRA, or a Defined Benefit Plan (which can shelter $100,000+ annually for high earners). The Solo 401(k) is typically the best option for most self-employed individuals because it allows both employee deferrals and employer contributions.

In 2026, a Solo 401(k) allows up to $24,500 as an employee deferral (plus $7,500 catch-up if over 50) plus up to 25% of net self-employment income as an employer contribution, for a combined maximum of approximately $70,000 ($77,500 with catch-up). This is significantly higher than a SEP-IRA for most income levels.

Generally no — you cannot contribute to both a Solo 401(k) and a SEP-IRA for the same self-employment income in the same year. However, you can have a Solo 401(k) for your self-employment income and participate in an employer's 401(k) at a day job, though combined employee deferrals across all plans are capped at $24,500 in 2026.

You must establish a Solo 401(k) by December 31 of the tax year to make employee deferrals for that year. Employer profit-sharing contributions can be made up to the tax filing deadline (including extensions). A SEP-IRA, by contrast, can be established and funded up to the tax filing deadline.

No — retirement contributions reduce income tax but not self-employment tax. SE tax is calculated on net self-employment income before retirement contributions. However, the deduction for half of SE tax reduces your AGI, which in turn reduces the base on which retirement contribution limits are calculated.

The QBI deduction (Section 199A) allows owners of pass-through businesses (sole proprietorships, partnerships, S-Corps, and some trusts) to deduct up to 23% of their qualified business income from federal taxable income starting in 2026, permanently extended and enhanced under the OBBBA. Employees and C-Corp shareholders do not qualify.

SSTBs are businesses in fields like law, health, financial services, accounting, actuarial science, performing arts, consulting (in the narrow IRS sense), athletics, and brokerage services. For SSTB owners with income above the phase-out thresholds (approximately $197,300 single / $394,600 MFJ in 2026), the QBI deduction phases out completely. Below the threshold, SSTB owners get the full deduction. The "consulting" SSTB is narrowly defined — many business advisors and management consultants do not qualify as SSTBs.

For non-SSTB businesses, the deduction is limited to the greater of: (a) 50% of W-2 wages paid by the business, or (b) 25% of W-2 wages plus 2.5% of the unadjusted basis of qualified property. These limitations apply when taxable income exceeds approximately $197,300 (single) or $394,600 (MFJ) in 2026. Below these thresholds, the full 23% deduction applies without the W-2 wage limitation.

For S-Corp owners, the QBI deduction applies to the S-Corp's qualified business income — which is the net income after the owner's reasonable salary is deducted. The salary itself is not QBI. This creates a tension: a lower salary increases QBI (and the deduction) but also increases the W-2 wage limitation at higher income levels. Uncle Kam can model the optimal salary to maximize the combined QBI deduction and SE tax savings.

Yes — the OBBBA permanently extended and enhanced the QBI deduction, increasing it from 20% to 23% starting in 2026. It no longer faces a sunset date. This is one of the most significant permanent tax changes for self-employed individuals and pass-through business owners.

A home office must be used regularly and exclusively for business — a dedicated room or clearly defined space used only for work. A kitchen table where you occasionally work does not qualify. The space must be your principal place of business or where you meet clients.

No. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 eliminated the home office deduction for W-2 employees through 2025. Only self-employed individuals, freelancers, and business owners can currently claim the home office deduction.

You can deduct the business-use percentage of your internet bill. If your home office is 10% of your home's square footage, you can deduct 10% of your internet costs. If you use the internet exclusively for business (a separate business line), you can deduct 100%.

The simplified method allows you to deduct $5 per square foot of your home office, up to 300 square feet ($1,500 maximum). It is easier to calculate but often produces a smaller deduction than the actual expense method for most homeowners.

The home office deduction is not an automatic audit trigger. The IRS does scrutinize it, but a properly documented, legitimate home office is fully defensible. The key is the "exclusive use" requirement — the space must be used only for business, not as a guest room or general living area.

To substantiate your Education Business Expense deductions, you should maintain detailed records including receipts for tuition, fees, books, supplies, and transportation. It's also crucial to keep documentation demonstrating how the education maintains or improves skills required in your current business or job, or meets the express requirements of your employer or the law. This could include course descriptions, employer directives, or professional licensing requirements. These records are essential in case of an IRS audit, as outlined in IRS Publication 529, Miscellaneous Deductions.

Yes, you can deduct travel expenses related to your Education Business Expense if the education qualifies as a deductible business expense. This includes costs for transportation, meals (subject to the 50% limitation), and lodging while away from home primarily to obtain the education. However, if the primary purpose of your travel is personal, you cannot deduct the travel costs, though you may still deduct the education expenses themselves. Refer to IRS Publication 463, Travel, Gift, and Car Expenses, for specific guidance on deductible travel costs.

While there isn't a specific dollar limit on the Education Business Expense itself, the deduction is subject to the general rules for business expenses. For self-employed individuals, these expenses are typically deducted on Schedule C (Form 1040), Profit or Loss From Business, reducing your net earnings. For employees, these expenses are no longer deductible as miscellaneous itemized deductions subject to the 2% AGI limit, as that deduction was suspended from 2018 through 2025 by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA). Therefore, for 2026, employee education expenses are generally not deductible unless reimbursed by your employer under an accountable plan.

An Education Business Expense is deducted on your tax return as a business expense, reducing your taxable income. To qualify, the education must maintain or improve skills needed in your current job or business, or be required by your employer or law. In contrast, qualified education expenses for tax credits (like the American Opportunity Tax Credit or Lifetime Learning Credit) are typically for undergraduate or graduate education at an eligible educational institution, and the credits directly reduce your tax liability. You generally cannot claim both a business deduction and a credit for the same educational expenses, as per IRS Publication 970, Tax Benefits for Education.

No, you generally cannot deduct your Education Business Expense if it qualifies you for a new trade or business. The IRS specifically disallows deductions for education that either meets the minimum educational requirements of your present trade or business or qualifies you for a new trade or business. For example, if you are an accountant and take courses to become a lawyer, those expenses would not be deductible as an Education Business Expense because they qualify you for a new profession. This rule is outlined in Treasury Regulation §1.162-5.

A Solo 401(k) is a retirement plan for self-employed individuals with no full-time employees other than a spouse. It allows contributions in two capacities: as an employee (up to $24,500 in 2026, plus $7,500 catch-up if 50+) and as an employer (up to 25% of net self-employment income), with a combined limit of approximately $70,000 in 2026.

The total Solo 401(k) contribution limit is approximately $70,000 in 2026 ($77,500 if age 50 or older). This includes up to $24,500 in employee deferrals plus employer profit-sharing contributions of up to 25% of net self-employment income (after the SE tax deduction).

A Solo 401(k) must be established by December 31 of the tax year for which you want to make contributions. Employee deferrals must also be made by December 31. Employer profit-sharing contributions can be made up to the tax filing deadline (including extensions).

Yes, but the employee deferral limit ($24,500 in 2026) applies across all 401(k) plans combined. If you contribute $24,500 to your employer's 401(k), you cannot make additional employee deferrals to your Solo 401(k). However, you can still make employer profit-sharing contributions to the Solo 401(k).

A Solo 401(k) generally allows higher contributions for most self-employed individuals because it includes both employee deferrals and employer contributions. A SEP-IRA is limited to 25% of net self-employment income (no employee deferral component). For someone earning $100,000 net, a Solo 401(k) allows $46,000 vs. $18,587 for a SEP-IRA.

To report a backdoor Roth IRA conversion, you'll primarily need to file IRS Form 8606, Nondeductible IRAs. This form tracks your non-deductible contributions to traditional IRAs and the subsequent conversion to a Roth IRA, ensuring that only the earnings (if any) are taxed. You will also receive Form 1099-R from your IRA custodian reporting the distribution from the traditional IRA and Form 5498 showing the Roth IRA contribution. Accurate reporting on Form 8606 is crucial to avoid being double-taxed on your non-deductible contributions when you eventually withdraw funds from the Roth IRA.

The primary tax implication of a Mega Backdoor Roth conversion is that the conversion itself is generally tax-free, provided you are converting after-tax 401(k) contributions. This is because these contributions have already been taxed. Any earnings on the after-tax contributions, however, would be taxable upon conversion to a Roth account. For 2026, the IRS still allows these conversions under current tax law, specifically leveraging the provisions of IRC Section 402(a) for after-tax contributions and IRC Section 408A for Roth accounts. It's crucial to ensure your plan allows in-service distributions of after-tax funds to avoid any unexpected tax liabilities on earnings.

No, there are no income limitations for utilizing the Mega Backdoor Roth strategy itself, which is one of its significant advantages. Unlike direct Roth IRA contributions, which have income phase-out limits (e.g., $161,000 for single filers and $240,000 for married filing jointly in 2024, subject to inflation adjustments for 2026), the Mega Backdoor Roth leverages your 401(k) plan. The ability to make after-tax contributions and then convert them to a Roth account is independent of your adjusted gross income. This makes it a powerful tool for high-income earners to contribute substantial amounts to a Roth account, bypassing the standard Roth IRA income restrictions under IRC Section 408A(c)(3).

Distributions from an HSA for qualified medical expenses are tax-free, completing the 'triple tax advantage' by avoiding taxes on contributions, growth, and withdrawals. This is outlined in IRS Publication 969, Health Savings Accounts and Other Tax-Favored Health Plans. For 2026, there are no income limitations on who can take tax-free distributions for qualified medical expenses, making it a powerful tool for healthcare cost management. It's crucial to retain receipts to substantiate these expenses in case of an IRS audit, as non-qualified distributions are subject to income tax and a 20% penalty if taken before age 65, per IRC Section 223(f)(4).

No, once you are enrolled in Medicare (Part A or Part B), you are no longer eligible to contribute to an HSA and therefore cannot fully utilize the HSA Triple Tax Advantage for new contributions. This is because Medicare is considered 'other health coverage' that disqualifies you from being an eligible individual for HSA purposes, as per IRC Section 223(c)(1)(A)(ii). However, you can still take tax-free distributions from your existing HSA balance for qualified medical expenses, including Medicare premiums (excluding Medigap), after enrollment. It's important to stop contributions the month you enroll in Medicare to avoid penalties.

Yes, you can make a SEP-IRA contribution even if you have employees, but if you do, you must contribute a uniform percentage of compensation for all eligible employees. This means you cannot contribute a higher percentage for yourself than for your employees. The contribution rules are outlined in IRS Publication 560, Retirement Plans for Small Business. This requirement ensures that SEP-IRAs benefit all eligible employees, not just the business owner.

Yes, SEP-IRA contributions made by a business owner for themselves are tax-deductible as a business expense. This deduction reduces the business's taxable income. For 2026, the maximum deductible contribution is limited to the lesser of 25% of the employee's compensation (up to the annual compensation limit of $345,000) or $69,000. This deduction is reported on Schedule C (Form 1040) for sole proprietors or on the appropriate business tax form for other entity types, as detailed in IRS Publication 560.