The Energy Efficient Home Improvement Credit (Section 25C) provides a 30% credit for qualifying energy efficiency improvements to your primary residence. The annual credit limit is $3,200 total, with sub-limits: $2,000 for heat pumps and biomass stoves, $1,200 for insulation, windows, doors, and energy audits (with further per-item limits). The credit resets each year through 2032.

Qualifying improvements include: heat pumps (air-source and geothermal), heat pump water heaters, biomass stoves and boilers, exterior windows and skylights (must meet Energy Star Most Efficient criteria), exterior doors (must meet Energy Star requirements), insulation and air sealing materials, and home energy audits. Central air conditioners and gas furnaces may also qualify if they meet efficiency thresholds.

Yes — unlike the old Nonbusiness Energy Property Credit which had a lifetime limit, the new Section 25C credit has an annual limit that resets each year. You can claim up to $3,200 in credits per year through 2032, allowing you to spread energy upgrades across multiple years and maximize the total credits claimed.

No — the Section 25C credit applies only to your primary residence. Rental properties do not qualify for this credit. However, energy efficiency improvements to rental properties can be depreciated as capital improvements, and in some cases may qualify for bonus depreciation or Section 179 expensing if the property is used in a trade or business.

Yes — the Section 25C (Energy Efficient Home Improvement Credit) and the Section 25D (Residential Clean Energy Credit for solar) are separate credits with separate limits. You can claim both in the same year. For example, installing solar ($10,500 credit) and a heat pump ($2,000 credit) in the same year would generate $12,500 in total federal tax credits.

The personal Clean Vehicle Credit (§30D) for new EVs was repealed under the OBBBA for vehicles purchased after December 31, 2025. However, the Commercial Clean Vehicle Credit (§45W, Form 8936) for business-use EVs remains available at up to $7,500 for vehicles under 14,000 lbs. If you are buying an EV for business use, the commercial credit still applies. Book a call to confirm eligibility for your specific vehicle and use case.

To qualify for the full $7,500 credit, the vehicle must be a new plug-in electric vehicle with a battery capacity of at least 7 kWh, have a final assembly in North America, meet critical mineral and battery component sourcing requirements, and fall within MSRP limits ($55,000 for cars, $80,000 for SUVs and trucks). The IRS maintains a current list of qualifying vehicles at fueleconomy.gov.

Yes — starting in 2024, you can transfer the Clean Vehicle Credit to the dealer at the point of sale, effectively receiving the credit as a discount on the purchase price. This is beneficial if your tax liability is less than $7,500 or if you want the benefit immediately rather than waiting until you file your return. The dealer then claims the credit from the IRS.

Businesses can claim the Commercial Clean Vehicle Credit (Form 8936) for EVs used in business, which provides up to $7,500 for vehicles under 14,000 lbs GVWR and up to $40,000 for larger commercial vehicles. Unlike the personal credit, the commercial credit has no income limits and no MSRP caps. Businesses can also combine the credit with Section 179 expensing and bonus depreciation.

The personal Clean Vehicle Credit is non-refundable — it can reduce your tax liability to zero but cannot generate a refund. However, if you transfer the credit to the dealer at purchase, you receive the full benefit regardless of your tax liability. The Commercial Clean Vehicle Credit for businesses is also non-refundable but can be carried back 1 year or forward 20 years.

The WOTC is a federal tax credit of $2,400–$9,600 per qualifying new hire for employers who hire individuals from certain target groups, including veterans, long-term unemployment recipients, SNAP recipients, ex-felons, and vocational rehabilitation referrals. The credit is a dollar-for-dollar reduction in federal income taxes.

To claim WOTC, you must submit IRS Form 8850 (Pre-Screening Notice) to your state workforce agency within 28 days of the employee's start date. The state agency certifies eligibility. You then claim the credit on IRS Form 5884 with your tax return.

Qualifying target groups include: veterans (especially disabled veterans), long-term TANF recipients, SNAP (food stamp) recipients, designated community residents, vocational rehabilitation referrals, ex-felons, SSI recipients, long-term unemployment recipients (27+ weeks), and summer youth employees in empowerment zones.

The standard WOTC credit is 40% of first-year wages up to $6,000 ($2,400 maximum). For long-term TANF recipients, the credit extends to the second year (total up to $9,000). For disabled veterans, the credit can reach $9,600. The employee must work at least 400 hours to qualify for the full credit.

Yes. There is no minimum size requirement — any employer that hires qualifying individuals and files the required forms is eligible. The WOTC is one of the most underutilized credits for small businesses, particularly in industries with high turnover like restaurants, retail, and hospitality.

The Child Tax Credit is $2,000 per qualifying child under age 17 in 2026, permanently extended under the OBBBA. Up to $1,700 of the credit is refundable (the Additional Child Tax Credit) for taxpayers with earned income above $2,500. The credit begins to phase out at $200,000 AGI for single filers and $400,000 for married filing jointly, reducing by $50 for every $1,000 of income above the threshold.

The child must be under age 17 at the end of the tax year, a U.S. citizen or resident, claimed as your dependent, and have lived with you for more than half the year. The child must also have a valid Social Security number. There is no limit on the number of qualifying children you can claim.

Yes — up to $1,700 of the $2,000 credit is refundable as the Additional Child Tax Credit (ACTC). If your tax liability is less than the credit amount, you can receive the refundable portion as a cash refund. The refundable amount is calculated as 15% of earned income above $2,500, up to the $1,700 limit per child.

The credit phases out by $50 for every $1,000 (or fraction thereof) of AGI above $200,000 (single) or $400,000 (MFJ). At $440,000 MFJ, the credit is fully phased out for two children. Reducing AGI through retirement contributions, HSA contributions, or business deductions can preserve or increase the credit.

Yes — these are two separate credits. The Child Tax Credit ($2,000/child) is based on having a qualifying child under 17. The Child and Dependent Care Credit (up to $1,050 for one child, $2,100 for two or more) is based on childcare expenses paid so you can work. Both can be claimed in the same year for the same child.

The Retirement Plan Startup Credit (Form 8881) provides a tax credit for small businesses that establish a new qualified retirement plan (401(k), SEP-IRA, SIMPLE IRA, or defined benefit plan). Under SECURE 2.0, businesses with 50 or fewer employees can claim 100% of eligible startup costs up to $5,000/year for the first 3 years — a maximum of $15,000 in total credits.

Eligible startup costs include: plan setup and administration fees, employee education and enrollment costs, and costs to set up payroll integration. The credit covers 100% of these costs for businesses with 50 or fewer employees, and 50% for businesses with 51-100 employees. Businesses with more than 100 employees do not qualify.

Yes — SECURE 2.0 added a $500/year credit for plans that include automatic enrollment features. This credit is available for the first 3 years of the plan and stacks on top of the startup cost credit. A plan with automatic enrollment can generate up to $16,500 in total credits over 3 years ($15,000 startup + $1,500 auto-enrollment).

No — the startup credit is only available for new plans. If you already have a retirement plan and want to add features (like automatic enrollment), you may qualify for the auto-enrollment credit but not the startup cost credit. The plan must be established for the first time to qualify for the startup credit.

The best plan depends on your goals: a Safe Harbor 401(k) avoids discrimination testing and allows maximum contributions for owner-employees; a SIMPLE IRA is easier to administer but has lower contribution limits; a SEP-IRA is easy to set up but requires proportional contributions for all eligible employees. Uncle Kam can model the contribution and tax savings for each option based on your payroll.

Tax-loss harvesting is the practice of selling investments at a loss to offset capital gains from other investments, reducing your overall tax liability. The harvested losses first offset capital gains dollar-for-dollar. If losses exceed gains, up to $3,000 of excess losses can offset ordinary income per year. Remaining losses carry forward indefinitely to future years.

The wash-sale rule disallows a loss deduction if you buy the same or "substantially identical" security within 30 days before or after the sale. To avoid triggering the rule, you can immediately reinvest in a similar but not identical security (e.g., sell a Vanguard S&P 500 ETF and buy a Fidelity S&P 500 ETF), wait 31 days before repurchasing, or use the loss to rebalance your portfolio.

No — losses in tax-deferred accounts (IRA, 401(k)) cannot be harvested because all gains and losses inside those accounts are tax-deferred. Tax-loss harvesting only applies to taxable brokerage accounts. This is one reason why it can be beneficial to hold more volatile assets in taxable accounts where losses can be harvested.

Yes — and cryptocurrency has a significant advantage: the wash-sale rule does not currently apply to crypto (it applies only to "securities" under the tax code, and crypto is classified as property). This means you can sell crypto at a loss, immediately repurchase the same coin, and still claim the loss deduction. This may change with future legislation.

Capital losses first offset capital gains of the same type (short-term losses offset short-term gains; long-term losses offset long-term gains). Excess losses can offset gains of the other type. After offsetting all capital gains, up to $3,000 of net capital losses can offset ordinary income per year. Remaining losses carry forward indefinitely.

A Dependent Care FSA (DCFSA) is an employer-sponsored benefit that lets you set aside pre-tax dollars to pay for qualifying dependent care expenses. The annual contribution limit is $5,000 per household ($2,500 if married filing separately). Contributions reduce your taxable income for federal income tax, Social Security tax, and Medicare tax — making the effective savings 22-37% depending on your tax bracket.

Qualifying expenses include daycare, preschool, after-school programs, summer day camps, and in-home care (nanny or au pair) for children under age 13. Care for a spouse or dependent who is physically or mentally incapable of self-care also qualifies. Overnight camps, tutoring, and kindergarten tuition do not qualify.

Yes, but not on the same expenses. The $5,000 FSA contribution reduces the expense base available for the Child and Dependent Care Credit. If you have one child, the credit base is $3,000 — after the $5,000 FSA, there is no remaining base for the credit. With two or more children, the credit base is $6,000 — after the $5,000 FSA, $1,000 remains eligible for the credit.

Dependent Care FSAs are "use it or lose it" — unused funds at the end of the plan year are forfeited. Unlike Health FSAs, there is no $640 rollover option. Some employers offer a 2.5-month grace period. Carefully estimate your annual childcare costs before electing your contribution amount.

Yes — payments to a nanny, au pair, or in-home caregiver for a qualifying dependent qualify for the Dependent Care FSA. However, you must report the caregiver's Social Security number on your tax return, and if you pay a household employee more than $2,800/year (2026), you may have "nanny tax" obligations (employer FICA, unemployment insurance).

A 529 plan is a tax-advantaged savings account designed for education expenses. Contributions are made with after-tax dollars (no federal deduction), but the account grows tax-free and qualified withdrawals for education expenses are completely tax-free. More than 30 states offer a state income tax deduction or credit for contributions to their state's 529 plan.

Qualified expenses include tuition, fees, books, supplies, and room and board at accredited colleges and universities. K-12 tuition (up to $10,000/year) also qualifies. Apprenticeship programs and student loan repayment (up to $10,000 lifetime per beneficiary) are also qualified uses. Non-qualified withdrawals are subject to income tax plus a 10% penalty on the earnings portion.

Yes — you can change the beneficiary to another member of the original beneficiary's family (siblings, parents, cousins, etc.) without tax consequences. If your child receives a scholarship or decides not to attend college, you can roll the funds to another family member's 529, use them for K-12 tuition, or roll up to $35,000 into a Roth IRA (subject to annual Roth contribution limits and a 15-year account seasoning requirement).

You can elect to treat a lump-sum 529 contribution as if it were made ratably over 5 years, allowing you to contribute up to $90,000 per beneficiary ($180,000 for married couples) in a single year without gift tax consequences. This is called the "superfunding" or "5-year election" and must be reported on Form 709. No additional gifts to the same beneficiary can be made during the 5-year period without gift tax implications.

Yes — 529 funds can be used for graduate and professional school (law school, medical school, MBA programs) at accredited institutions, just like undergraduate education. Tuition, fees, books, and room and board all qualify. There is no age limit on the beneficiary, so 529 plans can be used for adult education and career changes as well.

Yes, if you itemize deductions. You can deduct interest on up to $750,000 of mortgage debt ($375,000 if married filing separately) on your primary residence and one second home. The deduction only makes sense if your total itemized deductions exceed the standard deduction ($30,000 for married filers in 2026).

Yes. Mortgage interest on a second home (vacation home or investment property used personally) is deductible on the same $750,000 combined limit. If the property is rented out, different rules apply and the deduction is taken on Schedule E.

Add up your mortgage interest, state and local taxes (up to $10,000), charitable contributions, and other itemizable expenses. If the total exceeds $15,750 (single) or $30,000 (married filing jointly) in 2026, itemizing saves you more money.

Only if the loan proceeds were used to buy, build, or substantially improve the home securing the loan. Home equity loans used for other purposes (paying off credit cards, vacations) are not deductible under current law.

Yes. Points paid on a mortgage to purchase your primary residence are generally deductible in the year paid. Points paid on a refinance must be deducted over the life of the loan.

You can deduct up to $2,500 in student loan interest per year as an above-the-line deduction (you do not need to itemize). The deduction phases out between approximately $80,000 and $95,000 AGI for single filers, and between $160,000 and $190,000 for married filing jointly in 2026. The deduction reduces your AGI, which can improve eligibility for other tax benefits.

No — the student loan interest deduction is an above-the-line deduction claimed on Schedule 1, which reduces your AGI regardless of whether you take the standard deduction or itemize. This makes it available to virtually all qualifying borrowers.

If your parents paid your student loan interest and you are claimed as their dependent, neither you nor your parents can deduct the interest. However, if your parents paid the interest but you are not their dependent, you can deduct it as if you paid it yourself — the IRS treats this as a gift from your parents to you, which you then used to pay the loan.

The loan must have been taken out solely to pay qualified higher education expenses (tuition, fees, room and board, books, supplies) for you, your spouse, or a dependent. Both federal and private student loans qualify. Loans from family members or employer plans generally do not qualify.

Yes — you can deduct the interest portion of your payments regardless of which repayment plan you are on. Your loan servicer will send you Form 1098-E each year showing the total interest paid. Even if your payments are low under an income-driven plan, any interest you do pay is deductible up to the $2,500 limit.